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2021年4月7日
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Mercury(II) thiocyanateNamesOther namesIdentifiers3D model (JSmol)ECHA InfoCardEC Number
*209-773-0UNIICompTox Dashboard(EPA)
*Key: GBZANUMDJPCQHY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
*C(#N)[S-].C(#N)[S-].[Hg+2]PropertiesHg(SCN)2Molar mass316.755 g/mol AppearanceWhite monoclinic powderOdorodorlessDensity3.71 g/cm3, solidMelting point 165 °C (329 °F; 438 K) (decomposes)0.069 g/100 mLSolubilitySoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, KCN, ammonia
slightly soluble in alcohol, ether−96.5·10−6 cm3/molHazardsMain hazardshighly toxicEU classification (DSD) (outdated)T+NNFPA 704 (fire diamond)Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):46 mg/kg (rat, oral)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).verify (what is ?)Infobox references
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Mercury(II) thiocyanate (Hg(SCN)2) is an inorganic chemical compound, the coordination complex of Hg2+ and the thiocyanateanion. It is a white powder. It will produce a large, winding “snake” when ignited, an effect known as the Pharaoh’s serpent.[1]Synthesis and structure[edit]
The first synthesis of mercury thiocyanate was probably completed in 1821 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius: 777 casino app download pc.HgO + 2 HSCN → Hg(SCN)2 + H2O
Evidence for the first pure sample was presented in 1866 prepared by a chemist named Otto Hermes.[1] It is prepared by treating solutions containing mercury(II) and thiocyanate ions. The low solubility product of mercury thiocyanate causes it to precipitate from solution.[2] Most syntheses are achieved by precipitation:Hg(NO3)2 + 2 KSCN → Hg(SCN)2 + 2KNO3
The compound adopts a polymeric structure with Hg2+ centers linearly coordinated to two S atoms with a distance of 2.381 Å. Four weak Hg2+--N interactions are indicated with distances of 2.81 Å.[3]Uses[edit]
Mercury thiocyanate has a few uses in chemical synthesis. It is the precursor to potassium tris(thiocyanato)mercurate(II) (K[Hg(SCN)3]) and caesium tris(thiocyanato)mercurate(II) (Cs[Hg(SCN)3]). The Hg(SCN)3− ion can also exist independently and is easily generated from the compounds above, amongst others.[4]
Its reactions with organic halides yield two products, one with the sulfur bound to the organic compound and one with the nitrogen bound to the organic compound.[5]Use in chloride analysis[edit]
It was discovered that mercury thiocyanate can improve detection limits in the determination of chloride ions in water by UV-visible spectroscopy. This technique was first suggested in 1952 and has been a common method for determination of chloride ions in laboratories worldwide ever since. An automated system was invented in 1964 and then a commercial chloroanalyzer was made available in 1974 by Technicon (Tarrytown, NY, USA). The basic mechanism involves the addition of mercury thiocyanate to a solution with unknown concentration of chloride ions and iron as a reagent. The chloride ions cause the mercury thiocyanate salt to dissociate and the thiocyanate ion to bind Fe(III), which absorbs intensely at 450 nm. This absorption allows for the measurement of concentration of the iron complex. This value allows one to calculate the concentration of chloride.[6]
It can be used for determining the concentration of chloride ions in aqueous solution. Mercury thiocyanate without iron (III) is added to a solution with an unknown concentration of chloride ions, forming a complex of the mercury thiocyanate and chloride ion that absorbs light at a 254 nm, allowing more accurate measurements of concentration than the aforementioned technique using iron.[6]Pharaoh’s serpent[edit]Pharaoh’s serpent demonstration
Mercury thiocyanate was formerly used in pyrotechnics causing an effect known as the Pharaoh’s serpent or Pharaoh’s snake. When the compound is in the presence of a strong enough heat source, a rapid, exothermic reaction that produces a large mass of coiling, serpent-like solid is started. An inconspicuous flame, which is often blue but can also be yellow/orange, accompanies the combustion. The resulting solid can range from dark graphite gray to light tan in color with the inside generally much darker than the outside.[1]
The reaction has several stages as follows:[7] Igniting mercury thiocyanate causes it to form an insoluble brown mass that is primarily carbon nitride, C3N4. Mercury sulfide and carbon disulfide are also produced.References[edit]
*^ abcDavis, T. L. (1940). ’Pyrotechnic Snakes’. Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (6): 268–270. doi:10.1021/ed017p268.
*^Sekine, T.; Ishii, T. (1970). ’Studies of the Liquid-Liquid Partition systems. VIII. The Solvent Extraction of Mercury (II) Chloride, Bromide, Iodide and Thiocyanate with Some Organic Solvents’(pdf). Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 43 (8): 2422–2429. doi:10.1246/bcsj.43.2422.[permanent dead link]
*^Beauchamp, A.L.; Goutier, D. ’Structure cristalline et moleculaire du thiocyanate mercurique’ Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1972, volume 50, p977-p981. doi:10.1139/v72-153
*^Bowmaker, G. A.; Churakov, A. V.; Harris, R. K.; Howard, J. A. K.; Apperley, D. C. (1998). ’Solid-State 199Hg MAS NMR Studies of Mercury(II) Thiocyanate Complexes and Related Compounds. Crystal Structure of Hg(SeCN)2’. Inorganic Chemistry. 37 (8): 1734–1743. doi:10.1021/ic9700112.
*^Kitamura, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Taniguchi, H. (1990). ’Photolysis of Vinyl Halides. Reaction of Photogenerated Vinyl Cations with Cyanate and Thiocyanate Ions’. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 55 (6): 1801–1805. doi:10.1021/jo00293a025.
*^ abCirello-Egamino, J.; Brindle, I. D. (1995). ’Determination of chloride ions by reaction with mercury thiocyanate in the absence of iron(III) using a UV-photometric, flow injection method’. Analyst. 120 (1): 183–186. doi:10.1039/AN9952000183.
*^’Make a Pharaoh’s Snake Firework’. About.com Education. Retrieved 2016-02-08.External links[edit]
*’Pharaoh’s snake’. YouTube. September 2, 2008.
*’How to make the Pharaoh’s Serpent (Mercury (II) Thiocyanate)’. YouTube. March 24, 2014Retrieved from ’https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury(II)_thiocyanate&oldid=963147785’One of the most intriguing tales of Ancient Egypt is that
of the Afterlife. Laid out step-by-step in the Book of
the Dead, the Pharaoh must embark on an amazing journey to attain his
ultimate goal of becoming the sun god, Ra.

The Death of a Pharaoh
As soon as a Pharaoh died, the process of embalming and preparing him for the afterlife began. All
of the organs, except the heart, were removed from the body and placed in separate
canopic jars. Each jar was topped with the god or goddess that represented that organ.
The process of embalming was a very intricate and important ritual. This practice took 70 days to complete.
The canopic jars held the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines.

When mummification was complete, the Pharaoh was placed in a
tomb that was created for him, and all of his riches and personal possessions were added
to the tomb along with food and any pets the Pharaoh may have had at the time. All
of these items were thought to assist the Pharaoh in the trials of the Underworld.

The Journey Begins

Before a Pharaoh could face the trialsof the Twelve Great Halls, he first had to secure passage in the formof a boat that would carry him down the river of the Underworld. Once a Pharaoh was placed in his tomb, his spirit would descend intothe Underworld where he would meet with a group of guards and thegods Heka, Sia, and Hu who would help him (along with the god, Sobek)during his journey. The Pharaoh would then set sail and begin his adventure.


The Twelve Gates of the Underworld


Each hallway in the Underworld wasprotected by a gate and three guardians (a serpent and two gods). Inorder to successfully pass the gates and enter the halls, the Pharaohhad to correctly name all three of the beings.
The gates themselves represented the 12hours of the night. The Pharaoh would begin his journey at nightfalland it would end at dawn.
Because of the number of gates, I will only be touching on the most important ones.



Gate One
The first gate was simply the process of the Pharaoh being greeted by the souls of the dead. The gate itself had two stakes, one with a jackal head atop it and the other with a ram head. They would destroy those who were evil.

Gate Two
In the second hall, we see adistinction begin to form between the levels of the Underworld. Muchlike Heaven and Hell, this chamber was divided into top, middle, andbottom sections. The middle section was where the boat holding thePharaoh was greeted by several gods. The top section was where the“blessed souls” resided, and the bottom was for the evil andwicked. In order to become a ’blessed soul’ one had to followthe teachings of Ra during their earthly life. If he did not andcommitted crimes, he would end up in the bottom section where thedamned souls were sent. In this chamber, the Pharaoh was told thatthe path he was on was a perilous one that would have many obstaclesalong the way. After this meeting, the Pharaoh continued on his wayand came upon a spiked and guarded corridor. Two fire-breathingserpents lined the hall, though their flames did not hurt thePharaoh. The beginning of the corridor was guarded by Am-awa and, atthe end of it, Sekhabesnfubeb. The gate leading to the third chamberwas protected by Aqebi the serpent.
Gate ThreePharaoh’s Fire Slots
In this chamber, the Pharaoh would befaced with a lake of fire and twelve re-animating mummies. The lakewould only hurt the wicked so, if the Pharaoh was not tainted bywickedness, he would have no trouble traversing the fiery lake. Gatethree, or the Gate of Tchetbi, was an important one because it wasthe first, but not last, encounter with Apophis. Apophis was agigantic serpent and a bitter enemy to Ra. In this chamber, Atum andnine others were restraining him. At the end of this chamber, therewas a gate that led to a corridor which led to the fourth gate. Thisgate was protected by Enuerkhata and the end of the corridor wasguarded by Setata. Between the two were nine gods.
Gate Four
The fourth gate was even morespectacular than the ones before it. Like the third chamber, thisone had three levels as well. Inside the top, the Pharaoh was metwith two lakes, the Lake of Uraei (guarded by the Uraei) and the Lakeof Life (guarded by twelve jackal gods). There were also twenty-fourbeings (twelve gods and twelve doppelgangers of the gods). In themiddle level were shrines dedicated to the nine gods that followedOsiris. It was the Pharaoh’s duty to feed them after he hadresurrected them. After the shrines, the Pharaoh was met with afemale serpent, Hereret, who represented the goddesses of time. Inthe bottom, there was a congregation of many gods, including Osirisin the form of Khentiamentiu and a serpent goddess of fire. Theywere all within the Naos shrine performing a magical ceremony forOsiris. Finally, they came to the Arit gate, which is protected bytwo jackal gods, Aau and Tekmi, and nine more gods within thecorridor. A serpent, Teka-hra, guarded the way to the fifthgate.
Gate Five
Once the Pharaoh opened the fifth gate,he passed into the Judgment Hall. This was where the Pharaohunderwent one of the greatest tests he would have to face. Thereason the heart was left in the body during the mummification wasso that it could be taken into the afterlife and weighed againstMa’at’s Feather of Truth. If the heart was lighter than thefeather, it meant his heart was light and pure. At this point, hewould have passed the test of the fifth gate. If, however, thePharaoh’s heart weighed heavier than the feather, it meant he wascorrupted and evil. The heart and Pharaoh would both then bedevoured and the test would be failed.Gate Ten
The tenth gate is, by far, the most climactic. Within this chamber, a battle of epic proportions took place. The Pharaoh, the personification of the sun god, Ra, spent the hour in the tenth cavern fighting with his archenemy, Apophis. The battle was fearsome and many gods helped along the way. Eventually, magic helped the gods gain the upper hand and they finally overcame the beast.



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